{"id":28808,"date":"2022-01-14T09:29:25","date_gmt":"2022-01-14T09:29:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/touregyptclub.com\/history-of-egypt\/"},"modified":"2022-08-22T13:12:16","modified_gmt":"2022-08-22T13:12:16","slug":"historia-do-egito","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.exploreegypttours.com\/pt-br\/historia-do-egito\/","title":{"rendered":"Hist\u00f3ria do Egito"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

Esbo\u00e7o da hist\u00f3ria eg\u00edpcia:
Antigo Egito:
A civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia antiga foi certamente uma das mais duradouras e dur\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bde toda a hist\u00f3ria do mundo. Entre os fatores que contribuem para sua longevidade est\u00e3o o rio Nilo, seu vale naturalmente protegido e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas est\u00e1veis. O vale do Nilo \u00e9 cercado pelo Mar Mediterr\u00e2neo ao norte; o deserto da Ar\u00e1bia e o Mar Vermelho a leste; o deserto da L\u00edbia a oeste, e nos tempos antigos o perigo raramente vinha do sul. No Neol\u00edtico (cerca de 5000 a.C.), os eg\u00edpcios j\u00e1 desfrutavam de uma exist\u00eancia sedent\u00e1ria e est\u00e1vel. A inunda\u00e7\u00e3o anual do Nilo os induziu a construir diques e barragens para proteger seus assentamentos e a cavar canais para melhor irrigar e cultivar seus campos. Eles come\u00e7aram a armazenar colheitas para tempos de fome e aprenderam a medir a subida e descida das \u00e1guas da inunda\u00e7\u00e3o. Pode-se at\u00e9 dizer que o ritmo anual regular do rio foi o principal catalisador da organiza\u00e7\u00e3o e unifica\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica do pa\u00eds! Nesse sentido, ent\u00e3o, Her\u00f3doto, o “pai da \u200ehist\u00f3ria*, certamente estava certo quando escreveu em 449 a.C. que “o Egito \u00e9 uma d\u00e1diva do Nilo”.\u200e
\u200e \u200e
Per\u00edodo Neol\u00edtico (5000 a.C.):\u200e
A civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia neste per\u00edodo \u00e9 conhecida como a “cultura Nagada”, que pode ser dividida em tr\u00eas fases. A cultura surge pela primeira vez no Quinto Mil\u00eanio a.C. no Alto Egito entre Abidos no norte e Armant no sul, e posteriormente se espalhou pelo resto do Alto Egito. A primeira fase – ou Nagada I – alcan\u00e7ou rela\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais com o O\u00e1sis de Kharga, alcan\u00e7ou o Mar Vermelho a leste e a Primeira Catarata ao sul. O processo de consolida\u00e7\u00e3o do pa\u00eds, que resultou em tempos hist\u00f3ricos em um Egito unificado, pode ter come\u00e7ado na fase Nagada II. \u200eTanto as rela\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais quanto os conflitos entre o Alto e o Baixo Egito s\u00e3o atestados neste momento. Especialmente not\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bdurante este per\u00edodo s\u00e3o as fascinantes pinturas murais descobertas em uma tumba em Hierakonpolis (ca. 3500 a.C.), e as decora\u00e7\u00f5es cer\u00e2micas exibindo figuras humanas e animais, bem como navios completos com remos e cabines. A terceira e mais avan\u00e7ada fase de Nagada III parece revelar influ\u00eancia tanto do Baixo Egito quanto de outras culturas do Oriente Pr\u00f3ximo. \u200eProv\u00edncias aut\u00f4nomas foram estabelecidas e consolidadas at\u00e9 que dois reinos separados \u200eeventualmente surgiram: um no Alto Egito com sua capital em Nekheb (El Kab, perto de Edfu); \u200ee outro no Baixo Egito, com capital em Buto (Tell el Faram, perto de Desouq).\u200e
O Per\u00edodo Hist\u00f3rico (ca. 3000-332):\u200e
Foi dividido em trinta e uma dinastias, ou fam\u00edlias reais, pelo sacerdote eg\u00edpcio Manetho, que viveu entre 323 e 245 a.C. Manetho, escreveu sua hist\u00f3ria do Egito come\u00e7ando com Menes da Primeira Dinastia e terminando com Alexandre, o Grande, em 332 a.C. Podemos dividir ainda mais suas dinastias em v\u00e1rias \u200eeras discretas.\u200e
A Era Din\u00e1stica Inicial (ca. 3000-2750):\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consists of the first two dynasties, and derives its name from the town of origin of the earliest \u200ekings: Thinis. The first capital of the newly unified country to be established -by Hor-Aha \u200e\u200e(Menes), the fourth king of the First Dynasty – was at Memphis<\/a><\/strong>. Hiero\u00acglyphic writing also came \u200einto use at this time in moderate scale for simple economic and other types of documents. These \u200eearly jottings mostly served to list names, places or objects. A few experiments with stone as a \u200ebuilding material, instead of mud brick, were also undertaken. Royal tombs were constructed at \u200eboth Sakkara and Abydos<\/a><\/strong>. Among the famous \u200e
Representational works from this period is the Narmer palette, which commemorates the defeat \u200eof the Lower Egyptians at the hands of the Upper Egyptians, and the unification of the two \u200ehalves of the country.\u200e
The Old Kingdom (ca. 2705-2155 B.C.):\u200e
Pyramid Age:\u200e
This period includes Dynasties 3\u20146. Memphis<\/a><\/strong> remained the political capital, but Heliopolis grew \u200eas the most important religious center. The pharaohs were buried in theGreat Pyramid<\/a><\/strong> necropolis \u200eof Sakkara, Giza<\/a><\/strong>, |Abusir and Dahshur <\/a><\/strong>(to the southwest of Cairo<\/a><\/strong>). The Old Kingdom was \u200echaracterized by a highly bureaucratic and organized central administration. In the transition \u200eperiod from the Fifth to Sixth Dynasties, the corpus of religious mortuary literature known as the \u200ePyramid Texts makes its first appearance insidethe burial chambers of the pyramids. Members of \u200ethe royal family and high officials were interred in mastabas, or inrock-cut tombs. The officials\u2019 \u200esepulchers were located either around the pyramids of the pharaoh they had served, or in their \u200eown administrative province. The walls were richly decorated with painted reliefs of scenes of \u200edeity life and religious mortuary cult activities. The most famous kings of this era include Djoser \u200eNetjer-Khet) of Dynasty 3,owner of the Step Pyramid at Sakkara, which was constructed by the \u200egreat architect Imhotep<\/a><\/strong>; King Sneferu of the Fourth Dynasty built one pyramid at Meidum<\/a><\/strong> and \u200etwo at Dahshur. \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

His successors Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura constructed theirs at Giza<\/a><\/strong>; these last three are \u200econsidered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. In the Fifth Dynasty, the cult of the \u200efalcon-headed sun god Re exerted tremendous influence over the country. Sun-temples were \u200eerected near the pyra\u00acmids north of Sakkara and at Abusir.\u200e
The First Intermediate period (ca.2155-3134):\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Towards the end of the Old Kingdom, as central authority disintegrated, whatcontacts had \u200eexisted between Egypt and Nubia, Phoenicia and Palestine were broken off. The officials in \u200echarge of the many Egyptian provinces struggled to gain their own independ\u00acence, and political \u200eand economic chaos resulted. The period from Dynasties 7 to 10, also known as the \u200eHeracleopolitan Period, was one of civil war and starvation. Two weak ruling houses are \u200eattested:|one at Thebes in the south, and the other at Heracleopolis in the north (Ehnasia near the \u200eFayum). This was the classical period of the Egyptian lan\u00acguage, and several descriptive accounts tell of the woes of the \u200eage, which lasted more than a century and a half.\u200e
\u200e \u200e
The Middle Kingdom (ca.2134-1781 B.C.):\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dynasties 11-12 come under this heading. The country was finally reunited under the Theban \u200eprinces whose capital in the south became the religious center for all of Egypt. It was here at \u200eThebes that King Mentuhotep II built his famous mortuary temple of Deir el-Bahari. In the \u200eTwelfth Dynasty| however, the capital shifted to the north, near El-Lisht, and the pharaohs were buried in mud-\u200ebrick pyramids (Dahshur, Fayum, and Beni Suef). The older Pyramid Texts evolved into the Coffin Texts, now no longer restricted to use by the king \u200ealone. They adorned the inside and outside of coffins, and are later attested in the tombs of certain high officials.\u200e
Provincial “monarchs” and other Independent high officials were allowed to excavate or \u200econstruct their tombs in their own districts. These were provided with beautiful mortu\u00acary \u200eequipment and decorated with vivid scenes of both daily life and life in the next world (Beni \u200eHassan, El Bersheh, Thebes, and Aswan<\/a><\/strong>).\u200e
Great irrigation projects were undertaken during the Twelfth Dynasty. Attempts were made to \u200eirrigate the Fayum, and reservoirs and canals were constructed under Sesostris (Senusret) II, \u200eSesostris (Senusret) III and Amenemhat III.\u200e
The second Intermediate Period (ca. 1781-1550 B. C.) (Dynasties 13-17):\u200e
After a period of political and economic turmoil, most of the country was overrun for about a \u200ecentury by a Near Eastern people known as the Hyksos, or “rulers of foreign Lands” Dynasties \u200e\u200e15-16). Composed of immigrant tribes of Syrians, Palestinians and Hurrians, the Hyksos found \u200erefuge in the fertile Nile valley. They introduced into Egypt the horse and horse-drawn chariot, \u200eas well as new types of daggers, swords and compos\u00acite bows, all of which were to play a large \u200erole later on in Egyptian military history. In terms of artistic achievement or economic prosperity, \u200ethe Hyksos domination was a rela\u00actively decadent and impoverished era.\u200e
The Hyksos worshipped the deity Seth (Sutekh) god of strength and confusion. Avaris in the \u200eeastern Delta between Tanis and Qantir served as their capital. During the Seven\u00acth Dynasty, \u200ehowever, the Theban princes had been consolidating their own power in the south, and \u200eeventually moved to oust the foreigners from their homeland. Finally, under the leadership of \u200eSeqenenre, Kamose and Ahmose, the Thebans expelled the Hyksos, reunited the country and \u200einitiated a new dynasty.\u200e
The New kingdom (ca. 1550-1070 B.C.)\u200e
\u200e(The Empire period):\u200e
This period includes Dynasties 18\u201420, and is considered by many to be the golden age of \u200eEgyptian civilization. In the Eighteenth Dynasty, Thebes was both the political and religious \u200ecenter of the realm. Magnificent temples were erected there for the state god Amon-Re. The \u200etemple of Karnak functioned not only as the major religious center, but also the political, \u200eeconomic and diplomatic focus for everything, from the delivery of local taxes from across the \u200eriver to foreign tribute from provinces such as Nubia, Syria-Palestine and Phoenicia, and from \u200ecountries such as Punt (Somalia?), Libya, Crete, the Aegean islands and Mesopotamia. Famous \u200erulers of Dynasty 18 include: Queen Hatshepsut (1488\u20141470 B.C.), the best-known queen-cum-\u200epharaoh of Egypt. Her relatively peaceful reign, trade relations with Punt and building activities \u200eat Thebes (Deir el-Bahari and Karnak} are especially noteworthy.\u200e
Tuthmosis III (1490\u20141436 B.C.), whose military exploits in the north, northeast and south \u200eearned him the title of creator of the Egyptian empire. He also conducted an active building \u200ecampaign, especially at Thebes (Karnak, Luxor<\/a><\/strong>).\u200e
Amenophis III (1403-1365) B.C.), with his prosperous and peaceful reign, and friendly \u200ediplomatic relations with many foreign countries in western Asia. Egyptian art and cul\u00acture \u200ereached a zenith during his rule.\u200e
Amenophis IV (Akhenaten) (1365-1348 B.C.), the first to establish a form of monothe\u00acism in \u200eEgypt. Akhenaten’s great religious revolution involved the replacement of the state god Amon-\u200eRe with the solar deity Aten. Artistic conventions and political traditions were also totally \u200erestructured. The king moved the capital to a completely new city in Middle Egypt (Akhetaten, \u200enow Tell el-Amarna). Many of the Egyptian holdings in Syria-Palestine which Tuthmosis III had \u200esecured were nearly lost under Akhenaten’s reign. Tutankhamen (1347\u20141337 B.C.), a successor \u200eof Akhenaten, restored the cult of Amon-Re, and abandoned Tell el-Amarna in order to return to \u200etradition. The discovery of his nearly intact tomb in 1922 revealed the wealth and prosperity of \u200ethe Eighteenth Dynasty.\u200e
\u200e \u200e
Horemheb (1332-1305 B.C) who served as generalissimo and then king after the death of \u200eTutankhamen, and protected the country from foreign intruders. \u200e
In Dynasty 19 (ca. 1305-1305 B.C., The capital was moved once again, this time to Pi-Ramesses in \u200ethe eastern Delta, the origin of the Ramesside family and a more strategic location Vis a Vis Syro-\u200ePalestinian affairs. The Hittites in Asia Minor were Egypt’s chief rival at this period; both sides \u200estruggled for control of the Syro-Palestinian region (Battle of kadesh). \u200e
In the reign of Ramesses III ca. 1196 B.C.), Aegean tribes known as the Sea Peoples threatened \u200eto infiltrate the Egyptian Delta region. Economic and cultural decline, coupled with the threat of \u200eforeign invasion, contributed to the weakening of central authority; strikes and cases of \u200ecorruption are documented in the ancient sources. At Thebes, the priesthood of Amon achieved ever \u200egreater political influence.\u200e
The Third Intermediate Period (1070-750 B.C.):\u200e
Dynasties 21-24 are generally ascribed to this era. In Dynasty 21, Egypt was divided once again \u200einto two regions. In the south, the theocratic state was ruled by the priest\u00achood of Amon-Re at \u200eKarnak, while the north was controlled by the priests of Tanis. The Twenty-second to Twenty-\u200efourth Dynasties were of Libyan origin.\u200e
The Late period (750-332 B.C.):\u200e
The ruling house of Nubia succeeded in founding the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Egypt was reunited \u200eunder King Shabaka, and the capital was moved to Napata near the Fourth Cataract in the \u200eSudan. At the end of this period, the Assyrians conquered Egypt (671\u200e
B.C.).\u200e
The Twenty-sixth, or Saite, Dynasty achieved a renaissance of Egyptian civilization. Art, \u200elanguage and many other aspects of traditional Egyptian culture were resurrected from bygone \u200eclassical ages. The dynastic capital was at Sais in the western Delta, until the Per\u00acsians under \u200eCambyses conquered Egypt in 525 B.C.\u200e
During Dynasties 27\u201430, Egypt remained under Persian rule, occasionally succeeding in lacing \u200enative Egyptian rulers on the throne.\u200e
Graeco-Roman Period (332 B.C.-A.D. 395):\u200e
In 332 B.C. the country was again invaded, this time by Alexander the Great, founded the city \u200eof Alexandria<\/a><\/strong> in the following year. After his death in 323 B.C., Egypt fell under Ptolemaic rule \u200euntil the death of Antony and Cleopatra VII in 30 B.C. The country then became a Roman \u200eprovince until A.D. 395. Christianity then arose and Al\u00acexandria became a theological center of \u200ethe new religion.\u200e
\u200e \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Byzantine Period began in A.D. 395 in the time of Arcadius, the Emperor of the East.\u200e
In the year A.D. 640, Amr Ibn el-As, the Muslim general of Caliph Omer Ibn el-Khattab, \u200econquered Pelusium (near Suez) and defeated the Byzantines at Heliopolis. His conquest was \u200ecompleted in 646 with the taking of Alexandria<\/a><\/strong>, and Egypt then became an Islamic province.\u200e
Islamic Egypt:\u200e
The Arab conquest of 641 by the military commander Amr ibn al As was perhaps the next most \u200eimportant event in Egyptian history because it resulted in the Islamization and Arabization of the \u200ecountry which endure to this day. Even those who clung to the Coptic religion a substantial \u200eminority of the population in 1990 were Arabized; that is they adopted the Arabic language and \u200ewere assimilated into Arab culture.\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although Egypt was formally under Arab rule beginning in the ninth century hereditary \u200eautonomous dynasties arose that allowed local rulers to maintain a great deal of control over the \u200ecountry’s destiny. During this period Cairo<\/a><\/strong> was established as the capital of the country and \u200ebecame a center of religion learning art and architecture. In 1260 the Egyptian ruler Qutuz and \u200ehis forces stopped the Mongol advance across the Arab world at the battle of Ayn Jalut in \u200ePalestine. Because of this victory Islamic civilization could continue to flourish when Baghdad \u200ethe capital of the Abbasid caliphate fell to the Mongols. Qutuz’s successor Baybars I inaugurated \u200ethe reign of the Mamluks a dynasty of slave-soldiers of Turkish and Circassian origin that lasted \u200efor almost three centuries.\u200e
In 1517 Egypt was conquered by Sultan Selim I and absorbed into the Ottoman Empire. Since \u200ethe Turks were Muslims however and the sultans regarded themselves as the preservers of Sunni \u200eIslam this period saw institutional continuity particularly in religion education and the religious \u200elaw courts. In addition after only a century of Ottoman rule the Mamluk system reasserted itself \u200eand Ottoman governors became at times virtual prisoners in the Citadel<\/a><\/strong> the ancient seat of Egypt’s \u200erulers.\u200e
Modern Egypt:\u200e
The modern history of Egypt is marked by Egyptian attempts to achieve political independence \u200efirst from the Ottoman Empire and then from the British. In the first half of the nineteenth \u200ecentury Muhammad Ali an Albanian and the Ottoman viceroy in Egypt attempted to create an \u200eEgyptian empire that extended to Syria and to remove Egypt from Turkish control. Ultimately he \u200ewas unsuccessful and true independence from foreign powers would not be achieved until \u200emidway through the next century.\u200e
\u200e \u200e
Foreign including British investment in Egypt and Britain’s need to maintain control over the \u200eSuez Canal resulted in the British occupation of Egypt in 1882. Although Egypt was granted \u200eindependence in 1922, British troops were allowed to remain in the country to safeguard the \u200eSuez Canal. In 1952 the Free Officers led by Lieutenant Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser took \u200econtrol of the government and removed King Faruk from power. In 1956 Nasser as Egyptian \u200epresident announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal an action that resulted in the tripartite \u200einvasion by Britain France and Israel. Ultimately however Egypt prevailed and the last British \u200etroops were withdrawn from the country by the end of the year.\u200e
No history of Egypt would be complete without mentioning the Arab-Israeli conflict which has \u200ecost Egypt so much in lives territory and property. Armed conflict between Egypt and Israel \u200eended in 1979 when the two countries signed the Camp David Accords. The accords however \u200econstituted a separate peace between Egypt and Israel and did not lead to a comprehensive \u200esettlement that would have satisfied Palestinian demands for a homeland or brought about peace \u200ebetween Israel and its Arab neighbors. Thus Egypt remained embroiled in the conflict on the \u200ediplomatic level and continued to press for an international conference to achieve a \u200ecomprehensive agreement.\u200e
\u200e \u200e
Mubarak is the current president of Egypt. He served actively in the army. He was the chief-\u200ecommander of the air force during the1973 war (also called Yom Kippur War). Actually, the \u200esuccessful performance of the air force in that war is accredited to him.
He was promoted as an Air Marshal in 1974. In 1975, President Sadat chose him as his vice-\u200epresident and he remained as such until Sadats assassination in 1981. He was also made \u200esecretary-general of Sadat’s National Democratic Party.
\u200e
Mubarak was elected president on 13 October 1981. He soon declared his commitment to Sadat’s \u200epeace path. He also released the political detainees who were imprisoned by Sadat.
\u200e
In the early years of his rule, Mubarak worked hard to restore severed relations with Arab states \u200eand maintain good relations with the United States and the Soviet Union, later Russia.
\u200e
Domestically, he introduced economic reforms and granted more political and press freedoms to \u200ethe society. In recent years he also encouraged a privatization scheme planned by the government \u200eto reactivate the economy.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, Mubarak was challenged by terrorist attacks launched by \u200efundamentalist groups.
\u200e
In 1995, Mubarak escaped an assassination attempt in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, while he was \u200eattending an African meeting. In the aftermath of the attack, Mubarak adopted a hard-line \u200eposition against extremists until he successfully uprooted terrorism.
\u200e
He also supported and took part in the US-led Gulf war in 1990 against Iraq, which was reaped \u200eby the successful liberation of Kuwait.
Also under his rule, Egypt supported and sponsored peace talks between Palestinians and \u200eIsraelis.
\u200e
Mubarak also showed moral support for the US anti-terrorism efforts following the terrorist \u200eattacks on New York and Washington on 11 September 2001.
\u200e
Mubarak was reelected 3 times by referenda in 1987, 1993 and 1999 with landslide votes \u200esupporting him.\u200e<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Esbo\u00e7o da hist\u00f3ria eg\u00edpcia:Antigo Egito:A civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia antiga foi certamente uma das mais duradouras e dur\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bde toda a hist\u00f3ria do mundo. Entre os fatores que contribuem para sua longevidade est\u00e3o o rio Nilo, seu vale naturalmente protegido e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas est\u00e1veis. O vale do Nilo \u00e9 cercado pelo Mar Mediterr\u00e2neo ao norte; o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":48629,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-home-modern.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-28808","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.exploreegypttours.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28808","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.exploreegypttours.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.exploreegypttours.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.exploreegypttours.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.exploreegypttours.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28808"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.exploreegypttours.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28808\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.exploreegypttours.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.exploreegypttours.com\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}